Abstract
This chapter discusses Self-Directed Learning (SDL) and its current use in various types of organizations. A review of theories, literature, and current practices lead to the exploration of what deficits are limiting the use of SDL today, and what skill sets are needed to better support and expand the usage of SDL tomorrow in a multitude of environments. Suggestions for ways to increase SDL skills in the general population are also discussed. Major implications for adult educators, Human Resource Development (HRD) professionals, and other practitioners are examined, paying special attention to technology and organizational culture.
TopBackground
This chapter is anchored on the adult learning lens of Self-directed learning (Brockett & Hiemstra, 1991; Candy, 1991; Knowles, 1975; Long, 1992). Self-directed learning (SDL) is an adult learning theory which allows for freedom within individuals’ learning experience. SDL can be described in terms of goals, as a process, or as a personal attribute. Our exploration of the issues will focus primarily on SDL as a process. SDL as a process involves the learner and how the individual learns on their own within the context of their environment. Examining SDL as a process includes planning, execution, and evaluation of the learning experience. Tough, Knowles, Garrison and Brockett & Hiemstra all proposed SDL as a process (as cited in Merriam, Caffarella, & Baumgartner, 2007). However, Knowles and Brockett & Hiemstra also did acknowledge attributes of self-directed learners.
When viewing SDL as a process, there are three primary types of models: linear, interactive and instructional. Although each type affords the learner freedom and flexibility, they each have a unique and specific description. Linear models of SDL still require learners to go through a sequence of prearranged steps. Interactive models of SDL are not as strictly planned as linear models. Interactive models form modules of SDL by focusing on a couple of key factors which are necessary to achieve agreed upon learning objectives. Lastly, instructional models provide sufficient directions for the models to be used in formal settings, yet still allow sufficient flexibility for the learner to exercise freedom. Table 1 summarizes some of the key SDL theories.
Table 1. | SDL Theorists | Theory Description |
|
Tough (1967, 1971) | Linear process built on Houle’s work (1961, 1988). This process first gave a comprehensive description of SDL and termed self-planned learning. Defined learning project as deliberate attempts to gain knowledge, consisting of thirteen steps, and totaling at least 7 hours of participation. |
|
Knowles (1975)
| Linear process consisting of six key steps:
• Climate setting.
• Diagnosing learning needs.
• Formulating learning goals.
• Identifying human and material resources for learning.
• Choosing and implementing appropriate learning strategies.
• Evaluating learning outcomes. |
|
Candy (1991)
| Theory focused on autonomy. Built on Chene's notion (1983) of the autonomous learner by adding strong personal values and beliefs and termed autonomous people. |
|
Brockett & Hiemstra (1991)
| Theory produced the interactive process model - Personal Responsibility Orientation (PRO) model and termed self-direction in learning which includes both self-directed learning and learner self-direction. Their model recognizes personal responsibility, context and situational factors. |
|
Garrison (1997)
| Multidimensional and interactive process which includes:
• Self-management or “control.”
• Self monitoring or “cognitive responsibility.”
• Motivation or “entering task.” |
|
Brookfield (2000)
| Goal of SDL is to foster transformative learning. Political perspective focusing on issues of power and control. |
Key Terms in this Chapter
Self-Directed Learning (SDL): Adult learning theory which allows for freedom within individuals’ learning experience.
Self-Regulation: Ability to control one’s own behaviors.
Pedagogy: Activities and theory of traditional teaching. Pedagogy usually refers to the teaching of children.
Adult Learning: Theory and study of how adults learn. Adult learning is also known as andragogy.
Virtual Environments: Computer-simulated communities.
Digital Divide: Differences that exist in connectivity between different socio-economic groups.
Autonomy: Freedom to think, plan or act without coercion.