Abstract
This chapter presents an ethical decision-making for student engagement from a social justice perspective. It discusses what social justice means by presenting some principles gathered from existing related research literature supported by teacher voices that are gathered from written survey. Student engagement and the factors that influence it are discussed highlighting them from a socially and culturally situated perspective. Motivational and sociocultural factors such as funds of knowledge, race, social capital, and cultural capital are presented to demonstrate why mere access is not enough as an ethical and equitable way of engaging student to achieve positive outcomes. Access must be activated by providing students ample opportunities to experience a sense of belonging, teacher trust that they are competent learners, recognition of their identities and interests, and meaningful engagements.
TopIntroduction
Engaging in problem solving and making decisions to create a learning environment are important processes that educators do in working with students especially those from diverse linguistic, cultural, social, and economic backgrounds. The ethical dimension of providing diverse students with equitable learning opportunities involves educators pursuing appropriate, relevant curricular and instructional procedures that aim to make the students better, in particular, and the broader community and society, in general. The teacher, administrator, or counselor may ask in an ethical perspective the question “Is what I am doing just for my students?” or “Is what I am doing making my students and myself better in serving the community?” Making the classroom socially-just for students is ethical and vital in pursuing equity or providing classroom relevant and appropriate activities in order to meet the needs of students when they need them. Key to this effort is the ethical responsibility of teachers to know who their students are and how they learn (Lalas, Macias, Fortner, Flores, Blackmon-Balogun, & Vance, 2016).
Here’s an insightful vignette from the classroom of the teacher and co-author of this chapter:
The room was dark, with sunlight peering through the window and light shining from the projector of my U.S. history classroom composed of 11th grade juniors. As I sat in the back ready to jot down comments in my notebook, groups of students took turns giving PowerPoint presentations on raising awareness on a social issue they chose.
At that moment, the group of students presenting – who were all females – discussed the need for sexual education within their district to lower teenage pregnancy and ensure students were aware of the choices and risks involved with sex. As part of the project, I made it a requirement for students to choose a song relating to their issue, and explain the pertinence of it. In other words, it was a method for me to keep students engaged, allow them to connect their own cultural knowledge to the topic, and force them to think critically by applying music to their academic work.
With this particular group, they began to play a song by the rapper J. Cole titled “Wet Dreamz (clean version).” Immediately, the class burst into laughter and turned to see my reaction. As the class waited, I simply nodded, smiled, and continued with “Explain why you chose this song.” Prepared, the group explained their appropriate and well-thought analytic answer to their fellow engaged classmates.
While some teachers may vacillate to employ music in teaching history to young adults and to allow students to incorporate their brand of music in learning history concepts, the project assigned to the students in the mentioned vignette is an example of how teachers can make decision and attempt to solve the challenge of eliciting student engagement in the classroom. By allowing students to tap into their own interests, in this case their taste in music, teachers gain insights into their students’ backgrounds, knowledge, and cultures. In a socially-just diverse classroom, students’ cultures are acknowledged and promoted to enrich their learning and enhance their classroom engagement.
The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate the importance of teachers’ role in making ethical decisions in promoting social justice in a diverse classroom as a vehicle for promoting, maintaining, and sustaining positive student engagement. What is a socially-just classroom? How does teaching for social justice in a diverse classroom look like? Why is striving for a socially-just classroom an ethical practice in solving problems and making decisions? What does student engagement mean and how can a teacher elicit and enhance it while recognizing the diverse needs of students?
Key Terms in this Chapter
Social Capital: Refers to the network of relationships and social connections that provide additional opportunities or resources available for individuals who are members of the group. It provides students with access to resources by way of whom they already know in a particular class or by their familiarity with the teacher and the school.
Social Justice: A perspective based on principles that include understanding oneself in relation to other individual or group of individuals, appreciating diversity and promoting equity, recognizing inequities and how to diminish them, equitable participation and allocation of resources, creating a caring and culturally responsive learning environment, working together as a learning community, engagement in classroom inquiry, and critical thinking and reflection.
Critical Race Theory (CRT): Several principles of CRT related to education have been asserted such as the inherence of race and racism in American society, critical examination of the problems caused by neutrality, objectivity and colorblindness, the need to focus on the importance of maintaining a commitment to social justice, the importance of experiential knowledge, and whiteness as a property which includes the right to disposition, enjoyment, reputation, and the right to exclude.
Engagement: Is demonstrated through a variety of activities and may be described as behavioral which shows efforts, cognitive which shows deliberate use of strategy, emotional which shows expression of interest and affection, and agentic which shows attempts to contribute to learning activities. Others identify four types of student engagement: academic engagement, social engagement, cognitive engagement, and affective engagement.
Cultural Capital: Refers to culturally based common practices and/or resources possessed by individuals that may put them at an advantage over others. As described in the research conducted and reported in the current book, examples of culturally based resources, materials or practices include understanding the school tradition and philosophy of teaching, cultural awareness of the regional origins of the students in the class, knowledge about educational and school discipline practices, going to the museums and art exhibits, educational credentials of teachers and administrators, academic qualifications or degrees, access to computers, and aesthetic preferences such as taste of music, art, food, and other creative forms.