What We Learned From the Paimio Sanatorium as a Spatial Reflection of Contagious Diseases

Introduction

The report published by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) on 24.03.2020 states that the threat posed by tuberculosis, one of the world's largest infectious and lethal epidemic diseases, has yet to be terminated (Kadets, 2020). Having discovered the bacillus that causes tuberculosis in 1882, the German Dr. Robert Koch stated that the importance of a disease to humanity is measured by the number of deaths it causes, and tuberculosis is the most frightening infectious disease and kills one in seven people (Frith, 2020). Approximately 140 years after this discourse, a report published by the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 1.5 million people died of tuberculosis in 2018 (TB Alliance, 2020; WHO, 2019). While tuberculosis continues to be a serious public health problem as it has not been eradicated entirely, the whole world was faced with dramatic changes brought on by a new epidemic, Covid-19, in late-2019. According to another report published by the World Health Organization on the new epidemic, it is stated that 2.135.959 people died from Covid-19 until the first months of 2021 (WHO, 2021). Like the tuberculosis epidemic, Covid-19 has been recognized as a global disease that causes a significant number of illnesses and deaths worldwide. In addition to the tuberculosis disease, which has been on the agenda since the 19^th century, the new Covid-19 pandemic shows that infectious epidemics have not lost their effectiveness in the modern world. So we are faced with the fact that we will continue to live alongside these diseases for a while. The Covid-19 pandemic also shows that despite all the advances in medicine, outbreaks are not just a health issue. While epidemic diseases such as tuberculosis and Covid-19 imposing restrictions and limitations on our daily life, the need to rethink architectural concerns about mental health as well as people's physical health, what criteria is necessary in designing healthy architectural spaces and what kind of planning-design-production issues we are faced with in the future have also been tabled for discussion. In this context, the problem question of the article; “What might new design principles be in the shaping of new structures due to lifestyle changes during or after the pandemic process.

The entire world was suddenly caught off-guard and unprepared for the Covid-19 pandemic. The temporal urgency of this pandemic and its extremely deadly consequences on a global scale have made it more disastrous than any other epidemic. Although countries around the world conduct various types of counting cases, have different economic and social histories, exhibit different levels of political commitment and trust, and are impacted differently in regards to healthcare infrastructure (hospital beds, ventilators, hospital staff, etc.), it has been observed they are generally inadequate in coping with the Covid-19 crisis. In addition to medical uncertainties (new vaccines not yet widespread, no definitive curative drugs, etc.), bureaucratic uncertainties, architectural structural deficiencies of health buildings and profit-oriented health strategies have worsened the impact of the pandemic. For instance, huge gaps in the US public health infrastructure have been observed (Adams, 2020; Kierans, 2020).