Swarm Intelligence in Solving Bio-Inspired Computing Problems: Reviews, Perspectives, and Challenges

Introduction

Research and development in the area of Bio inspired computing using swarm intelligence has a deep impact and emphasize on various field of engineering and technology such as healthcare, decision support system, gene expression and microarray classification, etc. Bio inspired computing is an interdisciplinary area which combines bioinformatics, computational biology and computational intelligence. Bioinformatics is a shorten form of ‘biological informatics’ defined as the application of analytical and computational tools to capture and interpret the biological data. A major activity in bioinformatics is to develop software tools, databases and visualization methods to generate useful biological knowledge. Major research efforts in the field include creating data bases and visualization methods for sequence analysis, gene finding, genome annotation, protein structure alignment analysis and prediction and prediction of gene expression. Though the creation of database is easy, but the classification, clustering and prediction are challenging. A major activity in Bio inspired computing is to design innovative systems like various aerodynamic parts of aircrafts, Artificial intelligent robots, realistic creatures, tele surgery robots and medical diagnosis robots. Major research efforts in the field include algorithm development that could extract metaphor from biological system.

Computational biology on the other hand is the application of computer science, mathematics, and statistics to the problems in biology. A major activity in computational biology signifies the development of algorithms, mathematical models, and methods for statistical inference to understand biology. Major research efforts in the field include identification of disease-causing genes, reconstruction of the evolutionary histories of species, and the unlocking of the complex regulatory codes that turn genes on and off. Computational Intelligence is a glowing recognized prototype with recent systems having many of the characteristics of bio inspired computers. In addition, it is capable of executing an assortment of tasks that are intricate to do using conventional methods. It is a methodology involving adaptive mechanism from nature and an ability to learn that facilitate intelligent behaviour in multifarious and varying environments, such that the system is supposed to possess one or more features of reason, such as generalization, discovery, association and abstraction. In order to achieve these characteristics, these methodologies uses intelligent techniques such as rough set (Pawlak, 1982, 1991), fuzzy set (Zadeh, 1965), neural networks (McCulloch & Pitts, 1943), evolutionary computation and swarm intelligence (Beni & Wang, 1989). Latest development aim to incorporate components to take advantage of harmonizing features and to develop systems that acts together leading to hybrid and abstraction architecture such as rough fuzzy, rough set and swarm intelligence, fuzzy- rough with swarm intelligence, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization and K-means etc (Niknam & Amiri, 2010; Tripathy, Acharjya & Cynthya, 2011; Wang, Yang, Teng, Xia & Richard, 2007; Ahmed, Mehdi & Adil, 2013; Ganesh, Aruldoss, Renukadevi & Devaraj, 2012). Swarm intelligence (SI) is artificial intelligence, based on the collective behaviour of decentralized, self-organized systems. It is a scientific theory that discusses complex and sophisticate behaviours of social creature groups like ant colonies, honey bees, and bird flocks. The expression was introduced by Beni & Wang (1989) in the context of cellular robotic systems.