What Makes Reality: Ontological Classes and Rules

Abstract

The ultimate purpose of standard ontology is to describe and represent all the things in the world in comprehensive and consistent ways, whereby making the fundamental knowledge explicit to the formal reason of semantic systems and cognitive agents, natural, or artificial. To build such a formal universal framework capable of including the representation of anything, one can design a general system that includes a set-theoretic (logical) ontology constructed as a formal logical system composed of its objects-primitives (classes, individuals, and properties), logical syntax (notation techniques, formation and transformation rules), and formal semantics (model theory), as currently the Semantic Web formal languages and upper ontologies usually are constructing.