In the modern era of science, nanotechnology has the ability to circumvent numerous disadvantages of conservative healing preparations. Important progress has been made towards the use of tailored nanomaterials (NMs) to treat the cancer with efficiency, specificity, and high sensitivity. Tailored NMs are operationalized with precise ligands that can predictably target the cancer cells and deliver encapsulated payloads meritoriously. Moreover, NMs can also be deliberated to increase the drug loading, controlled release, improved half-life, and selective distribution by altering their size, surface chemistry, composition, and morphology. The conservative cancer treatments have provoked the event and applications of nanomaterials. The emerging evidence suggests that nanomedicines will provide the next-generation stages for anticancer remedies.
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Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in the globe with year 2020 recorded an estimated 10 million deaths. Moreover, the World Health Organization (WHO) warned tremendous increase in the cases by three folds in next two decades (Andleeb et al., 2021). Notwithstanding energies to alleviate risk factors in latest decades; the occurrence of the cancer rises continuously (You & Henneberg, 2018). Present principles of care combine precise performance of cancer with the radiation therapy and chemotherapy which known for significant adverse effects (Naidu et al.,2004), with most approaches directing non-specifically any speedily dividing cells regardless of whether they are cancerous or not. Therefore, it is domineering to improve the effective preparations that can address the contests and deliver choosy targeting of the tumor sites devoid of substantial loss to the viability of the vigorous tissues (Navya et al., 2019). In the model of medicine, nanomaterial-based medicine gaining popularity as for delivering drugs, and development of nano-based implants, and to establish a novel in-vitro diagnostics (Shi et al.,2010).
Breast cancer (13.7%) is the most often reported cancer worldwide, followed by colorectal cancer (11%). Because these patients' immune systems are severely impaired, present chemotherapies for these two main tumours frequently result in secondary problems such as infections by bacteria, fungus, and viruses. For the treatment of breast cancer, a variety of cytotoxic medications are utilised, including doxorubicin, cisplatin, and bleomycin; nevertheless, they all have downsides and are ineffective. Nanomedicine is concerned with the development of innovative therapeutic and diagnostic modalities for human use using precision-engineered nanoparticles. Nanotechnology and medicine have merged to create new therapeutic and pharmacological possibilities. Nanoparticles could be used to target and treat cancerous cells as anticancer nanomedicines. The NPs could be used as antiangiogenic, anticancer, antipermeability, and antiproliferative molecular probes. AgNPs have been claimed to have the highest degree of commercialization among nanoparticles, and have gained a reputation in sectors such as medicine and materials research. AgNPs have unique features that enable these nanomedicines to successfully manage a variety of pathological diseases. AgNPs are effective against hepatitis B, respiratory syncytial illness, herpes simplex infection type 1 and monkey pox infection due to their antiviral characteristics (Khan et al., 2021).
An extensive field of NMs has been prepared that could be exploited for development of anticancer medicines by manipulating the morphological and chemical features to control the functions of organic, biological, inorganic, and protein (range of 1–100 nm) based nanoparticles. The Nanocrystals, polymeric micelles, albumin and chitosan based nanoparticles and liposomal formulation, help to overpower such tasks. The use of nanomaterial and nanomaterial-based therapeutic agents hints to reduce the risk to the patients and upgraded their survival (Jabir et al., 2012).
Many metallic NPs have been designed for treatment of cancer, with copper (Cu), gold (Au), silver (Ag), and zinc (Zn), being the most common. The creation of ROS in cellular compartments is credited with these NPs' anticancer potential, which is responsible for activation of the necrotic, apoptotic, and autophagic death pathways (Andleeb et al., 2021). The pharmacokinetics of nano therapeutics has been discovered in preclinical and clinical trials across species. Only a few researchers have compared data from different animal models for the determination of the safety and effectiveness of the nanoparticles in humans (Gerlowski & Jain, 1986).
Nanoparticles are classified based on their dimensions. Materials with zero dimensions are larger than 100 nm measured on the nanoscale. Thin films or manufactured surfaces or coatings are one-dimensional NMs. Nanotubes, nanofibers, nanowires, and nanopolymers are two-dimensional nanoparticles. The quantum dots, fullerenes, and dendrimersare three-dimensional nanoparticles (Haque et al., 2010).