Directional Location Verification and Routing in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network

Introduction

The vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a decentralized wireless ad hoc network that assists in inter-vehicular communication among the mobile vehicles on the road and communication between mobile vehicles and roadside unit (RSU). In daily life, VANET offers several advantages; it sends traffic-related update messages i.e. crossroads, accident warning, and congestion on the road of preferred route opted by drivers (Rana et al., 2019). Therefore, it can be said by contributing distributed wireless ad hoc network VANET enhances traffic conditions and safe driving on the road.

VANET uses in developing Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which enhances the performance of the transportation system. Through ITS vehicles enthusiastically communicate with other vehicles in the network to identify traffic circumstances on the road i.e. fatal, and traffic jams. VANET works as a safeguard for vehicle drivers and passengers because during critical situations the vehicle driver could be able to make proper judgment based on received traffic-related messages (Shakya et al., 2019).

In the multi-hop vehicular ad hoc network to accomplishing interaction between source to destination node a number of intermediate next hops are needed. VANET is a decentralized wireless ad hoc network so that it does not exist on predefined infrastructure in the network (Rana et al., 2017). Therefore, mobile nodes in VANET construct routing infrastructure to deliver data packets at the destination node without prior global knowledge of the network. Since, in VANET global knowledge of the network is not needed that’s why VANET lacks reliable next hops, may acknowledge spoofing and various attacks (Shendurkar &, Chopde, 2014).

In VANET when a vehicle wants to send data packets to another vehicle and receiving vehicle is directly not reachable then data delivery is accomplished by multi-hop forwarding. In VANET vehicles construct decentralized routing infrastructure without global knowledge of the network (Rana, Triparhi, Raw, 2016). VANET is a decentralized wireless ad hoc network so that each vehicle must know own current physical location and their neighbor vehicles physical location along with the surrounding environment information. In VANET, such kind of information vehicles shares through beacon, direct communication, and group communication (Rossi, Leung, Gkelias, 2015). The large size moving vehicles such as trucks or buses can interfere between vehicles communication and block driver visuals that may lead to a non-line of sight that causes driver may make a poor judgment during lanes change or crossroad on the highway (Rana, Tripathi, Raw, 2019).

To increase driving awareness for drivers, VANET is expected to deliver traffic related and surrounding environment message to assist vehicle drivers. The vehicles in VANET are capable to determine their current geographical location through global positioning system (GPS) and other location positioning devices (Dahmane & Lorenz, 2016). But some physical obstacles like moving large vehicles as shown in Figure 1 interfere between two communicating vehicles which could block driver visuals that cause reliability and data packet delivery rate decreases. Therefore, direct communication between vehicles increases reliability and data delivery rate. For direct communication between vehicles each vehicle must enable to determine their current geographical location and need to have surrounding traffic environment message (Yang, Rongxi, Lin, Wang, 2014; Shelly & Babu, 2015). This surrounding traffic environment message should be exchanged among neighbor vehicles through beacon of direct message.