Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Potential Neuro-Protective Agents for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease

Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Potential Neuro-Protective Agents for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease

Youssef Ait Hamdan, Samia Elouali, Abdelali Ben Maloui, Bilal El-Mansoury, Hassane Oudadesse, Mohammed Rhazi
Copyright: © 2023 |Pages: 22
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-5156-4.ch015
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Abstract

Although Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurological disorder, it faces a lack of credible medications, treatments, and diagnostics. Many current conventional substances are designed as anti-Parkinson's drugs, but their poor brain transfer across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and bioavailability are a problem. Recently, chitosan (CTS) and its derivatives from arthropod exoskeletons have attracted much attention because of their neuroprotective effects and their ability to transport therapeutic substances across the BBB. CTS and its derivatives have the ability to inhibit apoptosis, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In addition to these properties, CTS nanoparticles constitute a system for the controlled delivery of therapeutic molecules across the BBB. This chapter will focus on the neuroprotective effects of CTS and its derivatives and their applications in the delivery of certain therapeutic substances.
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Chitin, Chitosan, And Its Derivatives

Chitin is the second most abundant polymer after cellulose. It is found throughout the biosphere. Its production is estimated at 1010 to 1012 tons per year. Marine and terrestrial animals, insects, and microorganisms are the sources of chitin. In more than 90% of animal species and insects, chitin-based composites are the main constituents of arthropod exoskeletons (Rinaudo and Perez, 2019). This is the case for crustaceans (crabs and shrimps) and insects as well as scorpions, cuttlefish bones, cephalopod beaks, and the scales of fish and lissamphibians (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Sources of chitin and CTS.

978-1-6684-5156-4.ch015.f01

Marine animals: Crustaceans, Coelenterates, Annelids, Mollusks, Lobsters, Shrimp, Krill, Crabs, Cuttlefish Bones, Fish Scales; Insects: Scorpion, Brachiopod, Beetle, Diptera, Cockroach, Spider, Beetle, Ant; Micro-organisms: green algae, yeasts, fungi (cell wall), mycelia penicillium, brown algae, Chytridiaceae, Ascomycetes, Blastocladiaceae.

The environment is known as a rich source of bioactive chemical structures with promising biological activities such as neuroprotection (New et al. 2009). Based on several studies, it is reported that CTS, one of the biologically active compounds, has potent neuroprotective properties and its effect can be related to its various characteristics (Table 1).

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