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Top1. Introduction
The evolution of distributed computing allows the wide use of distributed and collaborative systems in different organizations, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic (Loda, et al., 2020). Working together, that is, working in a team by triggering collaboration activities to achieve a common goal within collaborative systems. The key concept of these systems is collaboration work (Dewan, 1999). Indeed, collaboration is an essential process in the chain of carrying out collaborative work to achieve a common goal (Kotsopoulos, et al., 2010; Chen, et al., 2019). Collaboration always refers to group work (Innes & Booher, 2016). Papers (Montebello, 2003; Aggarwal et al., 2020; Duque, et al., 2012) have defined collaboration as group work of two or more people aimed to achieve a common goal. Al Omoush (Al Omoush, 2018) showed the impact of using a web-based collaborative system on harvesting the dimensions of collective intelligence, including collective cognition, knowledge sharing, and collective learning, in achieving the expected outcomes. Yusri et al. (yusri, et al., 2020) have proposed a collaborative e-learning platform for privacy awareness that provides awareness of teacher and students privacy, at the same time, allowing students to interact with each other, collaboratively, and discuss privacy issues. A collaborative work model to improve the learning process of science and engineering students have been proposed in (Mora, et al., 2020). This model is based on new technologies (TIC) to improve the learning process of students and better prepare them to face the challenge of today's world based on an effective collaborative model. An empirical study on the Collaborative Problem Solving (CPS) model for skills and abilities, which includes the following aspects: building shared knowledge, negotiating/coordinating, and maintaining team function have been conducted in (Sun, et al., 2020). The future plans on how to integrate these models into next generation CPS interfaces are discussed (D’Mello, et al., 2019). The analysis of the behavior and performance of users of different specialties in a collaborative environment is an essential phase for the development of BIM projects, where all designers are supported by modeling technologies to achieve the work together (Forcael, et al., 2020). The performance of this approach is validated by an experimental study. Collaborative learning is characterized by different facets, like individuals-in-context, learner communities, including motivational factors and distributed cognition. Collaborative learning environments influence the quality of learning, this requires taking the different factors when developing a new design of collaborative learning models (Collazos, et al., 2007). To strengthen communication and improve collaboration practices, several organizations are implementing the Enterprise Social Networks (ESN) platform (Dittes & Smolnik, 2019). A new concept of collaboration is proposed based on collective intelligence, which refers to global intelligence as a collective contribution of the different members of a group (Jeng, Y. L., & Huang, 2019).