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With the popularity of mobile networks, social media has developed rapidly, people are becoming frequently interested in expressing themselves on social media (Zhou and Jing, 2020),and the academic research on users' psychology has extended to social media. At present, the research on social media users mainly starts from the perspectives of cognition, emotion, personality, behavior, etc. (Gan Chunmei and Liang Xubin, etc., 2018), and the characteristics of social media users have gradually attracted the attention of the academic community. Network events expand their influence through social media platforms, and as social media users, they have strong sociality (Zhang Baosheng and Zhang Qingpu, 2018). Therefore, under the influence of social media platforms, social media users' emotions are stimulated and participate in the dissemination and discussion of public opinion, and social media users' emotions and network events overlap each other to jointly drive the emergence and development of network public opinion. In the process of network public opinion dissemination, because the basic reasons of human emotion awakening include expectation, rewards and punishments (Liu Luchuan and Li Xu, etc., 2018), social media users place certain emotional expectations on network events, and while network events are disseminated through social media, their emotional needs are also met (Sharla Cheung and Meng Die et al., 2019). The academic research on emotional communication in social media environment shows that social media users are emotional in the process of discussing and spreading network events, and are easily influenced by their cultural background. Anger, frustration, joy and disgust are more likely to attract the attention of social media users in the process of spreading network events (TenHouten, 2016).
When a disaster occurs, what are the attitudes of bystanders and victims towards the disaster? From the perspective of the characteristics of the public domain, many scholars have found that the public domain is becoming more and more emotional through the study of public culture and media. The specific manifestations are as follows: the frequency of using emotional discourse in the public domain increases, the rise of new media and its strong emotional changes and the public's acceptance of emotional expression increase, so disasters will bring strong emotional atmosphere to ordinary people and victims(Brand and Chisholm et al., 2018); From the perspective of social psychology, researchers have shown that disasters will produce negative emotional reactions (Boyle, 2004; Cohn and Mehl et al., 2004). For example, After the earthquake in Erdoga in 2016, teenagers in the affected areas showed strong depression and anxiety (Gerstner and Lara-Lara et al., 2020); In the survey, Lim, JR, Liu, BF found that tornadoes can cause anxiety and fear (Lim and Liu et al., 2019); During COVID-19, people will have more anxiety and stress emotions (Ocal and CVetkovic et al., 2020); In a survey, McKinzie pointed out that residents in Tuscaloosa and Joplin areas will suffer from pain, sadness and anxiety after suffering from tornadoes (McKinzie, 2018); From the perspective of biological and cultural evolution, Shoemaker thinks that because negative news will increase people's chances of adapting and facing future uncertainty, human beings will naturally pay attention to negative news, and negative emotions such as fear, anger and sadness will trigger human monitoring function (Shoemaker, 1996), so people will pay more attention to information with negative emotions.
Then, when a disaster occurs, do bystanders and victims have the same emotional intensity for the disaster? Elizabeth W. Dunn and Claire Ashton-James pointed out in their research that the death toll related to disasters may have a greater impact on emotional prediction than emotional experience. After a disaster, with the increase of the death toll and the expansion of the influence scope, the victims showed relatively calm emotional performance, while the bystanders showed great emotional fluctuations, which showed that the sad mood increased with the increase of the death toll,the expansion of the disaster scope and the visualization of abstract information (Dunn and Biesanz et al., 2007).