A Three-Phase Artificial Orcas Algorithm for Continuous and Discrete Problems

Social Organization Of The Orcas

The orcas’ society, generally run by elderly women (matriarchs), consists often of large groups of family members that may span several generations (Killer-Whale, 2022). The resident orcas (OrcaLab, 2022) organize themselves into a matrilineal structure. For this type of orcas, the mother and her adult sons stay together all their lives. Nevertheless, girls can take their independence as soon as they have a descent, but nothing prevents them from seeing each other from time to time. The resident orcas’ society is structured hierarchically as follows:

• A matrilineal unit. It consists of the matriarch and her descendants (on average four generations). The stability of these groups is seen in their rare inseparability.

• A pod. It is composed of two to four matrilineal units, consisting of about 20 individuals, constituting an extended family of close mothers. These groups may separate for a period before the reunion. A pod can be defined as the orcas are usually seen traveling together.

• A clan. It represents the third social level, it includes a set of pods, which share the same dialect and a distant ancestor.

• A Community. It is the last and highest social level, composed of clans that socialize and meet regularly, but do not share the same dialect or common ancestors.

Figure 1 depicts this specific organization.

Figure 1.

The social orcas’ organization